Title : Hands-on to heal: A scoping review of the effectiveness of workshops in orthopaedic surgical training
Abstract:
Background: Traditional surgical training models have been challenged by reduced operative exposure due to working time restrictions, ethical considerations, and increasing service demands. As a result, simulation-based education and hands-on workshops have emerged as essential tools in orthopaedic training. This scoping review evaluates the effectiveness of hands-on workshops in trauma and orthopaedic education and explores opportunities for future innovation in surgical training.
Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Studies published between 2015 and 2025 were included if they assessed hands-on workshop-based training in orthopaedics among medical students or surgical trainees. Outcomes relating to technical skills, decision-making, and trainee confidence were analysed, alongside reported limitations and future applications.
Results: Forty-five studies met inclusion criteria, with 42 (93%) demonstrating significant improvements in trainee performance following participation in hands-on workshops compared to traditional learning methods. A wide range of simulation modalities were utilised, including synthetic models, cadaveric specimens, and virtual reality platforms. Consistent improvements were observed in technical proficiency, operative efficiency, and decision-making, with evidence of improved procedural accuracy and reduced error rates. Importantly, these benefits were transferable to higher-fidelity and cadaveric settings, supporting real-world applicability. However, significant barriers were identified, including high costs, limited accessibility, and a predominant focus on technical skills, with limited incorporation of non-technical competencies such as communication, teamwork, and situational awareness.
Conclusions: Hands-on workshops are a highly effective and increasingly essential component of orthopaedic surgical training, significantly enhancing technical skill acquisition and trainee confidence. However, current models remain limited by accessibility and a narrow focus on technical proficiency. Future innovation should prioritise scalable, cost-effective solutions and the integration of human factors training. Advances in virtual reality and artificial intelligence present a unique opportunity to create immersive, adaptive, and comprehensive training environments. Expanding simulation-based education in this way will be key to shaping the next generation of orthopaedic surgeons and improving global training equity.
