Muscle Cramps are sudden, involuntary contractions or spasms in one or more muscles that can cause discomfort or pain. They commonly occur in the legs but can affect various muscle groups. Cramps can be caused by various factors, including dehydration, muscle fatigue, electrolyte imbalances (such as low potassium or calcium), poor circulation, or overuse of muscles. Athletes, pregnant women, and older adults are often more prone to experiencing muscle cramps. Stretching, massaging, and staying hydrated are common strategies for alleviating muscle cramps. In some cases, underlying medical conditions or medications may contribute to cramping, and addressing these issues may be necessary for long-term relief. While muscle cramps are usually harmless, persistent or severe cramping may warrant medical attention to rule out any underlying health concerns.
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W S El Masri, Keele University, United Kingdom
Title : The effect of OTC N-acetyl-cysteine on cobaltemia and cobalturia from cobalt-chromium orthopedic implants
Stephen S Tower, University of Alaska Anchorage, United States
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Diana Hodgins, Dynamic Metrics Ltd, United Kingdom
Title : Sports medicine pearls of the foot and ankle
Matthew B Werd, American Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine (AAPSM), United States
Title : The etiological diagnosis of torticollis
Ali Al Kaissi, Ilizarov Institute, Austria